I2AM PARIS

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Model Name

Model Geographical Coverage

Model Type

Model Time Step (Years)

Detailed Model Documentation

Dynamic Model Documentation

Variable Name

Category

Variable Definition

Unit

Timespan

Global IAMs Energy System 1 42 is bottom-up type model based on the scenarios of socio-economic, demographic, structural and technological parameters of different countries' development. The outut is energy balances which correspond to the methodology and structure of IEA balances.

National/Regional Models for Europe Sectoral Focus 1 The ALADIN model (ALternative Automobiles Diffusion and INfrastructure) is an agent-based simulation of alternative fuel vehicles purchase decision. It uses driving data from several thousand individual vehicles.

Global IAMs Macro-Econometric 1 The Post Keynesian energy-environment-economy (E3) macroeconometric model (E3ME). Economic growth in E3ME is demand-driven and supply-constrained, with no assumption of the economy being in full-employment equilibrium. Empirically-validated dynamics (the time path of an economy), is a key feature of E3ME.

National/Regional Models for Europe Energy System 12 The EU-TIMES model, is the multi-region, European version of TIMES, which is designed for analysing the role of energy technologies and their innovation needs for meeting European policy targets related to energy and climate change. It models technologies uptake and deployment and their interaction with the energy infrastructure in an energy systems perspective.

National/Regional Models for Europe Sectoral Focus 1 The FORECAST model is designed as a tool that can be used to support strategic decisions. Its main objective is to support the scenario design and analysis for the long-term development of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions for the industry, residential and tertiary sectors on country level.

Global IAMs Partial Equilibrium 5 GCAM is a dynamic-recursive model with technology-rich representations of the economy, energy sector, land use and water linked to a climate model that can be used to explore climate change mitigation policies.

Global IAMs General Equilibrium 1 GEMINI-E3 is a standard worldwide computable general equilibrium model. The model is based on the assumption of total flexibility in all markets, both the macroeconomic markets such as the capital and the exchange markets (with the associated prices being the real rate of interest and the real exchange rate, which are endogenous) and the microeconomic or sector markets (goods, factors of production).

Global IAMs General Equilibrium 1 ICES is a recursive-dynamic computational general equilibrium model. The model describes a stylised world economy where agents optimise their choices (rational agents maximising profit and utility; perfect competition), markets are interconnected by input-output relations in each country and by international trade across countries.

Global IAMs Energy System 10 MUSE is a partial equilibrium global integrated assessment model. It uses an agent-based modelling approach to model each sector of the energy system.

National/Regional Models for Europe Macro-Econometric 1 The NEMESIS model is a detailed sector macroeconomic model for the European Union. It is a system of economic models for every Member State (including UK) devoted to study issues that link economic development, competitiveness, employment and public accounts to economic policies and notably all structural policies involving long term effects.

Global IAMs Partial Equilibrium 10 ETSAP is recalibrating and improving the geographical resolution of the TIAM model. The new version of the model will be available in 2020 and will cover 31 regions, with the same details and general approach of the existing version of the model.

Population Demography Total number of people living in the specific country or region

Urbanisation Demography Total number of people living in urban areas

Household size Demography Building floorspace in commercial and residential sectors

Age Demography Age

Education level Demography Average stage of education achieved by a specific portion of the population

GDP/total income Macroeconomic Total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders

Employment Macroeconomic Proportion of a country's population that is employed

Real households income Macroeconomic Total household income minus taxes

Sectoral value added Macroeconomic Value of goods and services produced in the sector

Discount rate Macroeconomic Rate used to give a present value to costs and benefits occuring at a later date

Interest rate Macroeconomic The proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower, expressed as an annual percentage of the loan

Exchange rates Macroeconomic Currency equivalences

Residential Building demand Demand drivers Amount of resources consumed by buildings in the residential sector

Industrial goods Demand drivers Amount of products manufactured by the industry sector

Commercial building demand Demand drivers Amount of resources consumed by buildings in the commercial sector

Passenger transport demand Demand drivers Demand for passenger transport services

Freight transport demand Demand drivers Demand for freight transport services

Food demand Demand drivers Demand for food products

Synthetic fuel production Techno-economic parameters(Energy industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for synthetic fuel production. Synthetic fuel is a liquid or gaseous fuel, obtained from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas.

Hydrogen production Techno-economic parameters(Energy industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for hydrogen production. Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen

Electricity generation Techno-economic parameters(Energy industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for electricity generation

Storage Techno-economic parameters(Energy industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for energy storage

Heat generation Techno-economic parameters(Energy industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for heat generation

Road: light duty Techno-economic parameters(Transport) Characteristics of transport vehicles lighter than a specific threshold

Road: heavy duty Techno-economic parameters(Transport) Characteristics of transport vehicles heavier than a specific threshold

Rail Techno-economic parameters(Transport) Characteristics of rail transport equipment

Aviation Techno-economic parameters(Transport) Characteristics of air transport equipment

Heating Techno-economic parameters(Buildings) Characteristics of equipment to heat spaces in buildings of commercial and residential sectors

Cooling Techno-economic parameters(Buildings) Characteristics of equipment to cool spaces in buildings of commercial and residential sectors

Appliances Techno-economic parameters(Buildings) Characteristics of household appliances in buildings of commercial and residential sectors

Process heat Techno-economic parameters(Industry) Characteristics of capital stocks used for process heat in industrial processes

Machine drives Techno-economic parameters(Industry) Characteristics of capital stocks used for machine drives in industrial processes

Steam Techno-economic parameters(Industry) Characteristics of capital stocks used for steam generation in industrial processes

CHP Techno-economic parameters(Industry) Characteristics of capital stocks for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation. CHP is the use of a heat engine to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.

CCS/NETs Techno-economic parameters(Industry) Characteristics of capital stocks required for Carbon Capture and Storage or Net Emission Technologies

Coal market/import prices Energy price projections Price projections for the coal market

Oil market/import prices Energy price projections Price projections for the oil market

Gas market/import prices Energy price projections Price projections for the gas market

Bio-energy market/import prices Energy price projections Price projections for the bio-energy market

Renewable enegy potential Renewable enegy potential Maximal potential or supply curve for the production of wind, solar, hydro or geothermal power

Land use change emissions Land use change emissions Emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities

Sectoral energy mix Sectoral energy mix Group of different primary energy sources from wich secondary energy or final service is produced in a sector

CO2 Historical emissions Carbon dioxide

CH4, N2O Historical emissions Methane and Nitrous oxide

Pollutants Historical emissions Particulate matter, Ozone, Nitrogen dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Suplhur dioxide, Volatile organic compounds

F-gases Historical emissions Fluorinated greenhouse gases (Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, Sulphur hexafluoride)

Million people, Growth rate 2020-2050 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2020-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Costs in EUR'13/MWh,Efficiency in liters/100 vehicle km 2020-2050 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in EUR'13/MWh,Efficiency in liters/100 vehicle km https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

$2010USD per GJ / tonne

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

Million people, Growth rate 2015-2050 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2015-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

2015-2050 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Eurostat, 2020 Eurostat GDP growth indicator

2015-2050

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ and in EUR'13/MWh

Costs in $2010USD/Mt and in EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years, Input requirements in PJ/Mt and t/t

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

Million people, Growth rate 2010-2060 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 KC and Lutz, 2017

Residential: thousands of units by house type ((semi-)detached, flat) Commercial: Million square meters by sector

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2010-2060 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

2010-2060 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Eurostat, 2020 Eurostat GDP growth indicator

2010-2060 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years 2010-2060 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years

Costs in EUR'13/MWh,Efficiency in liters/100 vehicle km 2010-2060 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ and in EUR'13/MWh 2010-2060 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ and in EUR'13/MWh https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in $2010USD/Mt and in EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years, Input requirements in PJ/Mt and t/t https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

2015-2050 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Eurostat, 2020 Eurostat GDP growth indicator

US$/National currency 2015 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years 2015-2050 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years

Costs in EUR'13/MWh,Efficiency in liters/100 vehicle km 2015-2050 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ and in EUR'13/MWh 2015-2050 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ and in EUR'13/MWh https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

Million people, Growth rate 2018-2060 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 KC and Lutz, 2017

2010-2060

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2018-2060 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Million people, Growth rate

2018-2060 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

US$/National currency 2018-2060 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years 2018-2060 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4 https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2019.018 Gütschow et al, 2016 PRIMAP for N2O

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csl/assessments/ozone/2018/ NOAA, 2018 NOAA: WMO Ozone Assessment 2018

Million people, Growth rate 2015-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2015-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years 2015-2100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years 2015-2100 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ 2015-2100 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in $2010USD/Mt, Lifetime in years, Input requirements in PJ/Mt and t/t https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4 https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2019.018 Gütschow et al, 2016 PRIMAP for N2O

Mt https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csl/assessments/ozone/2018/ NOAA, 2018 NOAA: WMO Ozone Assessment 2018

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6

Million people, Growth rate 2007-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2007-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Million people, Growth rate

2007-2050 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Eurostat, 2020 Eurostat GDP growth indicator

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csl/assessments/ozone/2018/ NOAA, 2018 NOAA: WMO Ozone Assessment 2018

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6

Million people, Growth rate 2014-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2014-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

$2010USD per GJ / tonne https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / barrel https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

$2010USD per GJ / mmBTU https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019 IEA, 2019 IEA WEO 2019

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csl/assessments/ozone/2018/ NOAA, 2018 NOAA: WMO Ozone Assessment 2018

Million people, Growth rate 2010-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2010-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years 2010-2100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in US$2010/kW or EUR'13/MWh, Lifetime in years

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years 2010-2100 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ 2010-2100 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

Million people, Growth rate

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years 2010-2100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years 2010-2100 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ 2015-2100 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

Million people, Growth rate 2017-2045 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2017-2045 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Mt https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-43 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-32 Hoesly et al, 2018 van Marle et al, 2017 CMIP6 for CH4 CMIP6 for CH4

Million people, Growth rate 2011-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=POPPROJ OECD Population Projects, 2020 OECD Population Projections (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-projections-data Europop, 2020 Europop (short- and mid-term) https://population.un.org/wpp/ United Nations 2019 UN (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 KC and Lutz, 2017 SSP2 Population (long-term)

PPP (constant billion 2010 International $),PPP (constant billion 2010 €), Growth rate 2011-2050 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO106_INTERNET OECD, 2018 OECD, 2019 OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) OECD (Economic Outlook No. 103 and 106) (short- and mid-term) https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economy-finance/2018-ageing-report-underlying-assumptions-and-projection-methodologies_en EC, 2017 Ageing Report 2018 (short- and mid-term) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October IMF, 2019 IMF (short-term) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004 Dellink et al, 2017 SSP2 (long-term)

Million people, Growth rate

2015 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database Eurostat, 2020 Eurostat GDP growth indicator

2010-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

US$/National currency 2011-2100 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO103_LTB OECD, 2018 OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 (July 2018)

2015

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM

Costs in US$2010/kW, Lifetime in years

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years 2015 https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in M 2010 US$/Billion vehicle km, Efficiency in B vehicle km/PJ, Lifetime in years https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/electrification-futures.html NREL, 2017 NREL Electric futures report

Costs in Million US$2010/PJ 2015 https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html Mantzos et al., 2017 NECPs https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.033 Napp et al., 2019 TIAM